English Literature

टैगोर: एक परिचय टैगोर गुरुदेव के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हैं। वे एक बहुत ही महान भारतीय कवि हैं। एक महान कवि के रूप में उन्हें अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पहचान मिली है। सन 1913 ईस्वी में उन्हें साहित्य का नोबेल पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया। 7 मई, 1861 को टैगोर का जन्म कलकत्ता में हुआ था। उनके पिताजी का नाम देवेंद्रनाथ था। देवेंद्रनाथ ब्रह्म समाज नामक धार्मिक समाज के संस्थापकों में से एक थे। टैगोर वास्तव में एक बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के धनी थे। उनकी साहित्यिक कृतियों में कथाएँ, निबंध, लघु कथाएँ, यात्रा वृतांत, नाटक और कई लोकप्रिय गीत शामिल हैं। लेकिन लोग मुख्य रूप से उन्हें एक कवि के रूप में जानते हैं। इसी टैगोर ने भारत के राष्ट्रगान ‘जन गण मन’ की रचना की है। उन्होंने ही बांग्लादेश के राष्ट्रगान ‘अमार सोनार बांग्ला’ की भी रचना की है। टैगोर ने साहित्य की सभी विधाओं को कुशलता से संभाला। उनकी बहुमुखी प्रतिभा, उनके साहित्यिक संग्रह और उनके लेखन की गुणवत्ता के कारण उन्हें 'भारतीय पुनर्जागरण के लियोनार्डो दा विंची' की उपाधि प्राप्त हुई। लेकिन मुख्य रूप से कविता ने ही उन्हें विश्व लोकप्रियता दिलाई। टैगोर का...

रस की अवधारणा रस की अवधारणा भारतीय कविता की एक भव्य पुरानी अवधारणा है। रस को संस्कृत साहित्य का सर्वोच्च मूल्य माना गया है। यह सौंदर्य सुख का दूसरा नाम है। नाट्यशास्त्र के रचयिता भरत मुनि को रस सिद्धांत के प्रथम आचार्य के रूप में जाना जाता है। एक प्रसिद्ध दार्शनिक अभिनवगुप्त ने भरत मुनि द्वारा प्रतिपादित रस सिद्धांत की व्याख्या की है।भरत मुनि ने आठ रसों का प्रतिपादन किया है । उनके नाट्यशास्त्र के अनुसार, प्रत्येक रस का एक पीठासीन देवता और एक विशिष्ट रंग होता है। उन्होंने निम्नलिखित की स्थापना की: 1. श्रृंगारम (प्रेम, आकर्षण): पीठासीन देवता - विष्णु; रंग- हल्का हरा। 2. हास्यम (हँसी, हास्य): पीठासीन देवता - प्रमाता; रंग- सफेद। 3. रौद्रम (रोष): पीठासीन देवता - रुद्र; रंग- लाल। 4. करुण्यम (करुणा, दया): पीठासीन देवता - यम; रंग- ग्रे। 5. बिभत्सम (घृणा, घृणा): पीठासीन देवता - शिव; रंग- नीला। 6. भयनाकम (डरावनी, आतंक) - पीठासीन देवता - काल; रंग - काला। 7. वीरम (वीर मूड) - पीठासीन देवता - इंद्र; रंग - पीला-सा । 8. अद्भुतम (आश्चर्य, विस्मय) - पीठासीन देवता - ब्रह्मा; रंग- पीला।

The concept of rasa is a grand old concept of Indian poetry. Rasa has been accepted as the highest value of Sanskrit literature. It is the other name of aesthetic pleasure. Bharat Muni, the author of Natyashastra, is known as the first Acharya of the rasa theory. Abhinavgupta, a renowned philosopher, has explained the rasa theory propounded by Bharat Muni.Bharat Muni enunciated the eight rasas. According to his Natyashastra, each rasa has a presiding deity and a specific colour. He established the following: 1. Shringaram (Love, Attractiveness): Presiding Deity - Vishnu; Colour- Light Green. 2. Hasayam (Laughter, Mirth, Comedy): Presiding Deity - Pramata; Colour- White. 3. Raudram (Fury): Presiding Deity - Rudra; Colour- Red. 4. Karunyam (Compassion, Mercy): Presiding Deity - Yama ; Colour- Grey. 5. Bibhatsam (Disgust, Aversion): Presiding Deity - Shiva ; Colour- Blue. 6. Bhayanakam (Horror, Terror) - Presiding Deity - Kala ; Colour- Black. 7. Viram (Heroic mood) - Presiding Deity ...

  ब्लैक डेथ (काली मौत) ब्लैक डेथ एक विनाशकारी वैश्विक महामारी थी। इसने यूरोप और एशिया को प्रभावित किया। आज के वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार यह प्लेग येर्सिना पेस्टिस नामक बेसिलस के कारण फैला। फ्रांसीसी जीवविज्ञानी एलेक्जेंडर यर्सिन ने 19वीं शताब्दी के अंत में इस रोगाणु की खोज की थी। 1348 के अगस्त में यह ब्लैक डेथ आई। कहा जाता है कि इसने एशिया से यूरोप की यात्रा की। इस भयानक महामारी ने यूरोपीय इतिहास की धारा ही बदल दी। इसने यूरोपीय आबादी के आधे से अधिक का सफाया कर दिया। यह पिस्सू द्वारा फैलाया गया था। पीड़ितों के शवों को सामूहिक कब्रों में दफनाया गया। उस समय का चिकित्सा विज्ञान असहाय हो गया था। हेनरी नाइटन नाम के एक अधिकारी ने बताया था कि ब्रिस्टल की लगभग पूरी ताकत मर गई थी। उनके अनुसार कभी-कभी मौत चंद घंटों में ही हो जाती थी। ए हिस्ट्री ऑफ इंग्लिश लिटरेचर में आर्थर कॉम्पटन रिकेट ने लिखा है कि इस विलक्षण मृत्यु दर का परिणाम श्रम की अचानक कमी थी। कानून की मदद से मजदूरी को नियंत्रण में रखने का प्रयास किया गया। क़ानूनों की एक श्रृंखला अधिनियमित की गई थी। इतालवी कवि गियोवन्नी बोकाशियो ...

The Black Death The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic. It struck Europe and Asia. According to the scientists of today that plague spread due to a bacillus called Yersina pestis. The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ at the end of the 19th century. In August of 1348 came this Black Death. It is said that it travelled from Asia to Europe. This terrible pestilence changed the course of European history. It wiped out over half of European population. It was spread by fleas. The bodies of victims were buried in mass graves. The medical science of that time became helpless. An official named Henry Knighton had reported that almost the whole strength of Bristol had died. According to him sometimes death ensued in the course of a few hours. In A History of English Literature Arthur Compton Rickett has written that the result of this prodigious mortality was a sudden scarcity of labour. Efforts were made to keep the wages under control with the help of le...

Yeats’s Symbolism: A Note W. B.Yeats is a towering and unique figure in the annals of English poetry. He holds a singular position as a symbolist in the history of English literature. It is he who is popular as the chief exponent of the symbolist movement in England. At their best his symbols are highly evocative and suggestive. To analyze and evaluate Yeats's symbolism it would be better to define symbolism and to mention the brief history of symbolist movement. A symbol is something that stands for something else. The symbolist movement was started in France as a reaction against naturalism. The representative symbolists were – Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stephane Mallarme. In England these symbolists were admired and imitated by many poets. In this context W. B. Yeats may be called as the champion. W. B. Yeats has used different types of symbols in his poetry. They were carefully woven into the pattern of the poem. He uses these symbols to convey his inner sensat...

W.B. Yeats (1865-1939): A Great Poet. William Butler Yeats is a prominent poet of the 20th century. He was an Irish poet and playwright. His poetry is widely read today across the English speaking world. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. William Butler Yeats was born on 13th June 1865 in Dublin, Ireland. His family was a prestigious Irish Protestant. His father was a law expert. He was a popular portrait painter too. Yeats was educated in London and in Dublin. His first volume of verse appeared in 1887. His popularity rests on his lyric achievement. His poetry made him one of the outstanding and most influential twentieth-century poets writing in English. No doubt, Yeats was a prolific writer. His chief poetic works are- The Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower, The Winding Stair, Last Poems and Two Plays, Easter 1916, Leda and the Swan, Responsibilities, Sailing to Byzantium, The Green Helmet, The Second Coming, The Wanderings of Oisi...

A Letter to God by Gregorio Lopez y Fuentes (Translated by Donald A. Yates) (Objective Type Questions) 01. A Letter to God is written by: a. Ruskin Bond b. Lokesh Abrol c. G. L. Fuentes d. None Ans: c. G. L. Fuentes 02. Who is the author of A Letter to God?: (a) G.L. Fuentes (b) Leo Tolstoy (c) Chekhov (d) R. K. Narayan Ans: (a) G.L. Fuentes 03. G. L. Fuentes belongs to: a. India b. Mexico c. Germany d. America Ans: b. Mexico 04. Who has translated A Letter to God?: a. M.R. Anand b. R.K. Narayan c. W.B. Yeats d. Donald A. Yates Ans: d. Donald A. Yates 05. What is the name of the main character of the story A Letter to God?: a. David b. John c. Robert d. Lencho Ans: d. Lencho 06. What was Lencho's profession?: a. Cattle rearing b. Farming c. Brick making d. None of the above Ans: b. Farming 07. Where was Lencho’s house situated?: a. On the crest of a low hill b. On the crest of a mountain c. In a deep valley d. On a high land Ans: a. On the crest of a low hill 08. Which crop w...

Pardoner by Chaucer: Text with Simple English and Hindi About Chaucer: Chaucer is known as the father of English poetry. He belongs to the 14th century. He is popular for his Canterbury Tales. Chaucer’s Prologue to the Canterbury Tales is a picture gallery of his time. Thirty characters have been taken to present in The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. They belong to diverse profession. With the help of these characters, Chaucer successfully presents the true picture of his age. The Pardoner (From The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales) (TEXT) With hym ther rood a gentil Pardoner Of Rouncivale, his freend and his compeer, That streight was comen fro the court of Rome. Ful loude he soong, "Com hider, love, to me!" This Somonour bar to hym a stif burdoun; Was nevere trompe of half so greet a soun. This Pardoner hadde heer as yelow as wex, But smothe it heeng as dooth a strike of flex; By ounces henge his lokkes that he hadde, And therwith he his shuldres overspradde. But thyn...

The Wife of Bath by Chaucer: Text with Simple English and Hindi About Chaucer: Chaucer is known as the father of English poetry. He belongs to the 14th century. He is popular for his Canterbury Tales. Chaucer’s Prologue to the Canterbury Tales is a picture gallery of his time. Thirty characters have been taken to present in The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. They belong to diverse profession. With the help of these characters, Chaucer successfully presents the true picture of his age. The Wife of Bath (From The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales) (Text) A Good Wif was ther of biside BATHE, But she was somdel deef, and that was scathe. Of clooth-makyng she hadde swich an haunt She passed hem of Ypres and of Gaunt. In al the parisshe wif ne was ther noon That to the offrynge bifore hire sholde goon; And if ther dide, certeyn so wrooth was she That she was out of alle charitee. Hir coverchiefs ful fyne weren of ground; I dorste swere they weyeden ten pound That on a Sonday weren upon ...

God Sees the Truth, but Waits: Objective Questions 01. Leo Tolstoy is a very famous: a. Indian author b. Russian author c. German author d. American author Ans: b. Russian author 02. Leo Tolstoy was born in: a. 1828 b. 1820 c. 1822 d. 1824 Ans: a. 1828 03. Leo Tolstoy died in: a. 1910 b. 1912 c. 1914 d. 1916 Ans: a. 1910 04. God Sees the Truth, but Waits is: a. An American story b. An Indian story c. A German story d. A Russian story Ans: d. A Russian story 05. Who is the author of God Sees the Truth, but Waits: a. R.K. Narayan b. O Henry c. Leo Tolstoy d. D.H. Lawrence Ans: c. Leo Tolstoy 06. God Sees the Truth, but Waits is a: a. A Long story b. A short story c. A novel d. A one act play Ans: b. A short story 07. God Sees the Truth, but Waits was published in: a. 1870 b. 1872 c. 1874 d. 1876 Ans: b. 1872 08. The setting of God Sees the Truth, but Waits is: a. India b. Russia c. Germany d. England Ans: b. Russia 09. God Sees the Truth, but Waits is a story about a man named: a. ...

W.H. Auden as a Poet The full name of W. H Auden is Wystan Hugh Auden. He is known as an eminent Oxford poet. He was a great writer who wrote poetry, plays, travelogues and prose. He played a very significant part as the leader of Oxford poets. He is admired as the most representative poet of the nineteen thirties. His writing was influenced by T.S. Eliot, W.B. Yeats, G.M. Hopkins, Wilfred Owen, Kipling, Robert Graves, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx. Auden’s literary career is divided into two phases. In the beginning phase of his poetic career he was influenced by both Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. Their philosophy played very important role in the poetic career of Auden. That is why his early poetry appears as a strange synthesis of Freudian and Marxist views. His attention in psychological state became very profound. He supported the left wing political ideologies. The major theme of Auden’s early poetry is social criticism and protest. This early poetry expresses the his reaction...